《嘉峪关明代长城防线》

前 言

       嘉峪关市是一个新兴的工业城市，现代新型的旅游城市。

       嘉峪关地域是公元前121 年汉设酒泉郡，建酒泉塞的一部分。在丝绸之路开通后的历史中，嘉峪关依凭讨赖河峡谷、黑山、新城草湖扼控河西走廊，祁连山、黑河、巴丹吉林沙漠拱护防线两侧，保障着道路的畅通。

       嘉峪关地区由此成为西域文明东进和中原文明西出在青藏高原以北、蒙古高原以南一带必经的通道，是古代东西方文化交流的汇聚之地。

       十世纪前，嘉峪关只有在汉、晋、隋唐属于中原王朝，其他时期多被河西政权、北方或西域少数民族政权占据。唐以后400 多年，嘉峪关被吐谷浑、回鹘、西夏、蒙古等占据。明朝为抗御蒙古修建了横亘中国北方的万里长城。嘉峪关是明朝有效控制区域最西端。

明代嘉峪关是万里长城的西端起点，统辖区域称为嘉峪关防线。地方志记载：“嘉峪关长城起于卯来泉之南，讫于野麻湾之东北”。嘉峪关防线西南起祁连山北麓红泉墩，南至肃南县境内卯来泉堡，西至玉门市境内骟马城以东，北至花城湖以北金塔县境内，东至肃州银达镇两山口堡以西，东南至肃州金佛寺堡，整个防线宽阔纵深百里多。防线上的人工长城倚凭嘉峪关境内及其周边峡谷、崇山、湖沼等天险，与地理地势紧密结合，浑然一体，构成庞大军事防线。

       十五、十六世纪，嘉峪关“三面临戎，势甚孤悬”，围绕嘉峪关对峙、攻守的战争时有发生。每次战争后，明军都在防线上极易突破的地方增筑长城，安置警戒，弥补薄弱，加强防守。经过200 多年加固扩建，最终形成长城依地理梯次分布、层层设防、有广阔纵深的嘉峪关长城防线，嘉峪关关城是防线的指挥中枢。

       国家文物局把长城形态分为人工墙体、壕堑、天然险、独立营堡等类。嘉峪关防线辖域规模巨大，军事设施密布。据《肃镇华夷志》《秦边纪略》等志书记载，防线上有种类丰富、数量庞大的各类长城建筑。人工墙体主要是边墙、墩台、紥 等。边墙主要分布在关城南北两翼、野麻湾、新城境内，总长超过70 里；墩台分境外墩、沿边墩、腹里墩三类共70 多座。营堡主要有嘉峪关、新城堡、野麻湾堡、小钵和寺、新营盘、路家泉墩营盘、红泉堡、石关儿营盘、卯来泉堡、双井子堡、横沟屯庄等。

       壕堑分壕沟和堑两类，包括墙壕、远壕、城壕、外壕、壕棱、斩崖、崖栅、远墙、水壕、山壕、边壕、墩壕等。

       天然险主要是讨赖河峡谷、黑山、新城草湖、南山等，都是防御体系的组成部分，发挥着抵御、阻滞敌方进攻的作用，与长城建筑共同构成防线。

       因为依凭天险、位置冲要、建设周期长、工程体量庞大、长城形态丰富、纵深广阔、久历战争等原因，嘉峪关防线是世界上冷兵器时代最重要、最经典的国家防线。雄浑壮美的嘉峪关防线是当仁不让的露天长城博物馆。

目 录

防线研究

地图.......................................................................001

天下雄关...............................................................003

长城第一墩...........................................................006

文/世界上冷兵器时代最重要的国家防线.......009

文/讨赖河墩（天下第一险墩）选址之谜.......011

文/壕沟是嘉峪关明长城的重要形态...............013

文/嘉峪关长城形态浅观....................................015

防线全貌

嘉峪关防线........................................................017

文/长城防线嘉峪关..........................................019

黑山.....................................................................023

红泉墩.................................................................025

红泉堡.................................................................026

青头山墩.............................................................027

青头山墩堡.........................................................028

大庄堡.................................................................029

小青羊沟墩........................................................030

靖边墩.................................................................031

天生桥.................................................................033

金佛寺堡.............................................................034

卯来泉堡.............................................................035

文/卯来泉堡.......................................................037

卯来泉大墩.........................................................039

下黄草沟墩.........................................................039

大草滩水库1号墩..............................................039

牛尾梢沟墩.........................................................039

上柏杨林墩.........................................................040

小沙河塘墩遗址.................................................040

滥泥山墩遗址.....................................................040

骟马城堡.............................................................041

下柏杨林墩.........................................................042

惠回堡.................................................................043

回回墓墩.............................................................044

石烟墩.................................................................045

黑山儿墩.............................................................046

双井子堡.............................................................047

永兴后墩.............................................................048

大草滩墩.............................................................048

石关儿墩.............................................................049

石关儿南口墩.....................................................049

石关儿营盘.........................................................050

雪映悬壁.............................................................051

悬壁秋色.............................................................053

高沟墩.................................................................055

大湾墩.................................................................056

北暗门墩及边墙................................................057

崖栅.....................................................................057

关北墙壕............................................................057

小湖儿墩............................................................058

北俺头墩...........................................................059

暗壁壕堑3号烽火台........................................059

瞭望墩...............................................................059

旗墩...................................................................059

关西远壕...........................................................060

城壕...................................................................060

远墙...................................................................060

关东外壕...........................................................060

关北崖栅...........................................................061

斩崖...................................................................062

关南外壕...........................................................062

南边墙南墙壕...................................................063

南头墩...............................................................064

南二墩...............................................................065

讨赖河墩...........................................................067

边山墩...............................................................071

月儿弯墩...........................................................072

上黄草沟墩.......................................................073

居中墩...............................................................075

断山口墩...........................................................076

野麻湾10号敌台..............................................077

野麻湾9号敌台................................................078

野麻湾8号敌台................................................079

界牌墩...............................................................080

横沟墩...............................................................081

新墩子墩...........................................................082

横沟腰墩...........................................................083

镇远墩...............................................................084

野麻湾腰墩.......................................................085

沙坡墩...............................................................086

内边...................................................................086

边壕...................................................................086

野麻湾边墙.......................................................087

新腰墩遗址.......................................................087

沙堡遗址...........................................................087

董家沟墩遗址...................................................088

横沟屯庄...........................................................088

野麻湾堡...........................................................089

王景庄腰墩.......................................................091

旗杆台墩...........................................................092

钵和寺西墩.......................................................093

钵和寺后墩.......................................................094

小钵和寺...........................................................095

钵和寺东墩.......................................................097

马路山墩...........................................................098

柳条墩...............................................................098

钟家墩...............................................................098

泛沙泉墩...........................................................098

花城儿前墩.......................................................099

花城儿后墩.......................................................099

新城屯庄...........................................................100

新城堡/新城堡墩.............................................101

新城中沟边墙...................................................102

沙岗墩...............................................................103

马莲沟墩...........................................................104

梧桐林墩...........................................................105

明盐墩...............................................................106

文殊山口墩.......................................................107

河口墩...............................................................108

丁家坝墩...........................................................108

塔儿湾堡遗址...................................................108

干河墩...............................................................109

文/嘉峪关，教我如何不爱她？....................111

防线风光

悬壁冬韵...........................................................113

关城晚霞...........................................................115

永恒...................................................................117

守望...................................................................118

驻边卫士...........................................................119

驻守一方...........................................................120

梦幻雄关...........................................................121

雄关雪霁...........................................................122

坚守...................................................................123

岁月...................................................................124

戍边...................................................................125

历史之门...........................................................127